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>The Linux System Administrator's Guide</TITLE
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><DIV
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
><A
NAME="AEN2"
>The Linux System Administrator's Guide</A
></H1
><H2
CLASS="SUBTITLE"
>Version 0.7</H2
><H3
CLASS="AUTHOR"
><A
NAME="AEN6"
>Lars Wirzenius</A
></H3
><DIV
CLASS="AFFILIATION"
><DIV
CLASS="ADDRESS"
><P
CLASS="ADDRESS"
>		liw@iki.fi<br>
		</P
></DIV
></DIV
><H3
CLASS="AUTHOR"
><A
NAME="AEN12"
>Joanna Oja</A
></H3
><DIV
CLASS="AFFILIATION"
><DIV
CLASS="ADDRESS"
><P
CLASS="ADDRESS"
>		viu@iki.fi<br>
		</P
></DIV
></DIV
><H3
CLASS="AUTHOR"
><A
NAME="AEN18"
>Stephen Stafford</A
></H3
><DIV
CLASS="AFFILIATION"
><DIV
CLASS="ADDRESS"
><P
CLASS="ADDRESS"
>		stephen@clothcat.demon.co.uk<br>
		</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
><DIV
CLASS="ABSTRACT"
><A
NAME="AEN24"
></A
><P
></P
><P
>An introduction to system administration of a 
Linux system for novices.</P
><P
></P
></DIV
></DIV
><A
HREF="ln26.html"
>Legal Notice</A
><HR></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="f33.html"
>Source and pre-formatted versions available</A
></DT
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="c38.html"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="c56.html"
>About This Book</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.1. <A
HREF="x58.html"
>Acknowledgements</A
></DT
><DT
>2.2. <A
HREF="x76.html"
>Typographical Conventions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="c88.html"
>Overview of a Linux System</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>3.1. <A
HREF="x94.html"
>Various parts of an operating system</A
></DT
><DT
>3.2. <A
HREF="x110.html"
>Important parts of the kernel</A
></DT
><DT
>3.3. <A
HREF="x121.html"
>Major services in a UNIX system</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="dir-tree-overview.html"
>Overview of the Directory Tree</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>4.1. <A
HREF="x264.html"
>Background</A
></DT
><DT
>4.2. <A
HREF="x319.html"
>The root filesystem</A
></DT
><DT
>4.3. <A
HREF="x399.html"
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc</TT
> directory</A
></DT
><DT
>4.4. <A
HREF="x533.html"
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/dev</TT
> directory</A
></DT
><DT
>4.5. <A
HREF="x542.html"
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr</TT
> filesystem</A
></DT
><DT
>4.6. <A
HREF="x595.html"
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/var</TT
> filesystem</A
></DT
><DT
>4.7. <A
HREF="x672.html"
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/proc</TT
> filesystem</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="device-list.html"
>Device Files</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>5.1. <A
HREF="x782.html"
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>MAKEDEV</B
> Script</A
></DT
><DT
>5.2. <A
HREF="x797.html"
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>mknod</B
> command</A
></DT
><DT
>5.3. <A
HREF="x822.html"
>Device List</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6. <A
HREF="c955.html"
>Using Disks and Other Storage Media</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.1. <A
HREF="x975.html"
>Two kinds of devices</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2. <A
HREF="x1001.html"
>Hard disks</A
></DT
><DT
>6.3. <A
HREF="x1042.html"
>Floppies</A
></DT
><DT
>6.4. <A
HREF="x1057.html"
>CD-ROMs</A
></DT
><DT
>6.5. <A
HREF="x1073.html"
>Tapes</A
></DT
><DT
>6.6. <A
HREF="x1079.html"
>Formatting</A
></DT
><DT
>6.7. <A
HREF="x1139.html"
>Partitions</A
></DT
><DT
>6.8. <A
HREF="x1298.html"
>Filesystems</A
></DT
><DT
>6.9. <A
HREF="x1657.html"
>Disks without filesystems</A
></DT
><DT
>6.10. <A
HREF="x1675.html"
>Allocating disk space</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>7. <A
HREF="memory-management.html"
>Memory Management</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>7.1. <A
HREF="x1752.html"
>What is virtual memory?</A
></DT
><DT
>7.2. <A
HREF="x1762.html"
>Creating a swap space</A
></DT
><DT
>7.3. <A
HREF="x1794.html"
>Using a swap space</A
></DT
><DT
>7.4. <A
HREF="x1828.html"
>Sharing swap spaces with other operating systems</A
></DT
><DT
>7.5. <A
HREF="swap-allocation.html"
>Allocating swap space</A
></DT
><DT
>7.6. <A
HREF="buffer-cache.html"
>The buffer cache</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>8. <A
HREF="boots-and-shutdowns.html"
>Boots And Shutdowns</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>8.1. <A
HREF="x1887.html"
>An overview of boots and shutdowns</A
></DT
><DT
>8.2. <A
HREF="x1901.html"
>The boot process in closer look</A
></DT
><DT
>8.3. <A
HREF="x1949.html"
>More about shutdowns</A
></DT
><DT
>8.4. <A
HREF="x1983.html"
>Rebooting</A
></DT
><DT
>8.5. <A
HREF="x1992.html"
>Single user mode</A
></DT
><DT
>8.6. <A
HREF="x1996.html"
>Emergency boot floppies</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9. <A
HREF="init.html"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>init</B
></A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.1. <A
HREF="x2016.html"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>init</B
> comes first</A
></DT
><DT
>9.2. <A
HREF="x2051.html"
>Configuring <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>init</B
> to start 
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>getty</B
>: the 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inittab</TT
> file</A
></DT
><DT
>9.3. <A
HREF="x2111.html"
>Run levels</A
></DT
><DT
>9.4. <A
HREF="x2151.html"
>Special configuration in 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inittab</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.5. <A
HREF="x2179.html"
>Booting in single user mode</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>10. <A
HREF="log-in-and-out.html"
>Logging In And Out</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>10.1. <A
HREF="x2210.html"
>Logins via terminals</A
></DT
><DT
>10.2. <A
HREF="x2243.html"
>Logins via the network</A
></DT
><DT
>10.3. <A
HREF="x2256.html"
>What <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>login</B
> does</A
></DT
><DT
>10.4. <A
HREF="x2288.html"
>X and xdm</A
></DT
><DT
>10.5. <A
HREF="x2291.html"
>Access control</A
></DT
><DT
>10.6. <A
HREF="x2308.html"
>Shell startup</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>11. <A
HREF="c2318.html"
>Managing user accounts</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>11.1. <A
HREF="x2324.html"
>What's an account?</A
></DT
><DT
>11.2. <A
HREF="x2331.html"
>Creating a user</A
></DT
><DT
>11.3. <A
HREF="x2424.html"
>Changing user properties</A
></DT
><DT
>11.4. <A
HREF="x2452.html"
>Removing a user</A
></DT
><DT
>11.5. <A
HREF="x2466.html"
>Disabling a user temporarily</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>12. <A
HREF="backups.html"
>Backups</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>12.1. <A
HREF="x2493.html"
>On the importance of being backed up</A
></DT
><DT
>12.2. <A
HREF="x2506.html"
>Selecting the backup medium</A
></DT
><DT
>12.3. <A
HREF="x2516.html"
>Selecting the backup tool</A
></DT
><DT
>12.4. <A
HREF="x2540.html"
>Simple backups</A
></DT
><DT
>12.5. <A
HREF="x2615.html"
>Multilevel backups</A
></DT
><DT
>12.6. <A
HREF="x2705.html"
>What to back up</A
></DT
><DT
>12.7. <A
HREF="x2717.html"
>Compressed backups</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>13. <A
HREF="c2732.html"
>Keeping Time</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>13.1. <A
HREF="x2738.html"
>Time zones</A
></DT
><DT
>13.2. <A
HREF="x2751.html"
>The hardware and software clocks</A
></DT
><DT
>13.3. <A
HREF="x2757.html"
>Showing and setting time</A
></DT
><DT
>13.4. <A
HREF="x2804.html"
>When the clock is wrong</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>14. <A
HREF="c2816.html"
>Finding Help</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>14.1. <A
HREF="x2821.html"
>Newsgroups and Mailing Lists</A
></DT
><DT
>14.2. <A
HREF="x2855.html"
>IRC</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>A. <A
HREF="gfdl.html"
>GNU Free Documentation License</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>0. <A
HREF="x2907.html"
>PREAMBLE</A
></DT
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="x2912.html"
>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A
></DT
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="x2922.html"
>VERBATIM COPYING</A
></DT
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="x2926.html"
>COPYING IN QUANTITY</A
></DT
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="x2932.html"
>MODIFICATIONS</A
></DT
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="x2968.html"
>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A
></DT
><DT
>6. <A
HREF="x2973.html"
>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A
></DT
><DT
>7. <A
HREF="x2977.html"
>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A
></DT
><DT
>8. <A
HREF="x2981.html"
>TRANSLATION</A
></DT
><DT
>9. <A
HREF="x2984.html"
>TERMINATION</A
></DT
><DT
>10. <A
HREF="x2987.html"
>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="x2992.html"
>How to use this License for your documents</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="g2999.html"
>Glossary (DRAFT, but not for long hopefully)</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="LOT"
><DL
CLASS="LOT"
><DT
><B
>List of Tables</B
></DT
><DT
>6-1. <A
HREF="x1139.html#PARTITION-IDS"
>Partition types (from the Linux <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>fdisk</B
> program).</A
></DT
><DT
>9-1. <A
HREF="x2111.html#RUN-LEVELS"
>Run level numbers</A
></DT
><DT
>12-1. <A
HREF="x2615.html#EFFICIENT-BACKUP-LEVELS"
>Efficient backup scheme using many backup levels</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="LOT"
><DL
CLASS="LOT"
><DT
><B
>List of Figures</B
></DT
><DT
>3-1. <A
HREF="x110.html#KERNELOVERVIEW"
>Some of the more important parts of the Linux kernel</A
></DT
><DT
>4-1. <A
HREF="x264.html#FSTREE"
>Parts of a Unix
		directory tree. Dashed lines indicate partition 
		limits.</A
></DT
><DT
>6-1. <A
HREF="x1001.html#HD-SCHEMATIC"
>A schematic picture of a hard disk.</A
></DT
><DT
>6-2. <A
HREF="x1139.html#HARD-DISK-LAYOUT"
>A sample hard disk partitioning.</A
></DT
><DT
>6-3. <A
HREF="x1298.html#HD-MOUNT-ROOT"
>Three separate filesystems.</A
></DT
><DT
>6-4. <A
HREF="x1298.html#HD-MOUNT-ALL"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/home</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr</TT
> 
		have been 
		mounted.</A
></DT
><DT
>6-5. <A
HREF="x1298.html#DUMPE2FS-OUTPUT"
>Sample output from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>dumpe2fs</B
></A
></DT
><DT
>10-1. <A
HREF="x2210.html#TERMINAL-LOGINS"
>Logins via terminals: the interaction of 
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>init</B
>, 
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>getty</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>login</B
>, and the 
shell.</A
></DT
><DT
>12-1. <A
HREF="x2615.html#BACKUP-HISTORY-TIMELINE"
>A sample multilevel backup schedule.</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
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